segmentals and suprasegmentals phonetic

A.     Segmentals

1.      Definition

Segmental are a speech of sounds which are meaningfully arranged in a sequence of speech. Basicly every word has a segment that is every sound in a word. Also known as the phonological segment or the phonetic segment. Segmental divide into 2 kinds, consonants and vowels.

a.       Consonants

Consonants : sounds where there is obstruction or blocking of the airflow caused by youre lips, teeth, tongue, palate, or even your deep larynx. There are 24 sounds that produced in consonants.

b.      Vowels

Basically, a vowel is any “open” sound where there is no obstruction or blocking caused by the teeth, tounge, lips or other articulators. There 20 sounds that produced in vowels. There are 12 monophthongs and 7 diphthongs in vowels.

Monophthong basically is a pure sounds, and diphthong is sound that produced by mix two sounds into 1 sound.

2.      Example of Segmentals.

B.     Suprasegmental

1.      Definition

Suprasegmentals are important for makingall kinds of meaaning, in particular speakers attitides or stances to what they are saying and in marking out how one utterance relates to another. In suprasegmental we will find various of kind,and some are stress, pitch, intonation, and juncture.

a.       Stress

The degree of loudness with which a syllable is spoken as to make it prominent. In the other word, loudness is a component of prominence. There are 3 kinds of stress, that is primary stess, secondary stress and unstresses. The two in the beginning (primary stress and secondary stress) refers to strong form and the unstressed refers to weak form.

1)      Word stresses

Actually, every syllables in a word do not say with same strength and force. There are syllables that we need to give more strength in pronounciation and other syllables which no need tomuch strength or no stress(unstressed).

Example :         manual              =          ˈmænjuəl

Inverse             =           ˌɪnˈvɜːs

Population        =          ˌpɒpjuˈleɪʃn

Pioneer =          ˌpaɪəˈnɪə(r)

2)      Sentence stresses

Sentence stress is what gives English its rhythm or "beat". You remember that word stress is accent on one syllable within a word. Sentence stress is accent on certain words within a sentence.

Example :

a)      Edgar can play the guitar.

b)      I will give money to my parent

b.      Pitch

1.      Definition

Some degree of highness or lowness of tone in each syllable of a word.

In analyzing English, linguists find four relative pitch levels.

Pitch level /4/ is commonly used for shouting or screaming. Only pitches /3/, /2/, and /1/ are used in normal speech.

Extra high (screaming) /4/

High /3/

Normal /2/

Low /1/

Whether we are saying one or many words, the pitch of the voice rises and falls. Words in isolation are not common in normal speech, but they are useful to practice listening to and marking pitch changes. Two systems of recording pitch are illustrated below, one using numbers and the other a line, called a pitch or intonation contour. When words are said in isolation, the pitch rises on the strongest syllable and then falls.

2.      Example

c.       Intonation

1.      Definition

Intonation is formed by a sequence of contrasting pitch levels in a sentence. The intonation patterns for phrases and sentences are recorded in the same way as for words in isolation, using either numbers or an intonation contour. Falling [231], rising [233], and sustained patterns that end [22] or [33] are heard. In a simplified form of notation, falling, rising, and sustained intonation patterns can be indicated by an arrow at the end of a sentence or part of as sentence:

Falling intonation / ¯ /

Rising intonation / ­ /

Sustained intonation / ® /.

2.      Example

a)      This is table?

b)       

d.      Juncture

1.      Definition

This is anothersuprasegmental phoneme, known as a manner of transition from one segmental phoneme to another. Juncture is an extremely important sound feature in English.

The type of connection or pause between syllables or words in an expression. this divide into 2 kinds first is close juncture, that is they are connected together very close without pause. Second, open juncturethey are so loosely connected.

2.      Example

a)      Night rate   /nait + rait/                    (Open Juncture)

b)      Nitrate /naitreit/                               (Closed Juncture)